Abnormal Psychology Essay

Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior. Abnormal behavior is disruptive in classes unable to control tempers and loud. Abnormal Phycology is when someone’s thoughts are causing them discomfort and they act on it. This will then allow someone to be diagnosed mentally Ill. Normal Psychology: See more: Satirical elements in the adventure of Huckleberry Finn essay Normal psychology is the study of the human behavior and the mind. It is stereotype in way that judge’s criteria are normal or abnormal. Normal psychology is a common way to diagnose behavior by the ability to be Maladaptive. Two aspects make this flexible and common. Maladaptive to one’s self is the inability to reach goals, and to adapt to the everyday demands of life. Also there is Maladaptive to society, the interference in social functioning.(Spoor 1999) Being in either of these categories someone would be diagnosed mentally ill. Comparison of Normal and Abnormal Psychology: Normal Psychology and abnormal psychology works together because they both are decisions made that people chose to react to. In a normal setting someone can be sitting and reading a book quietly. Then another person comes along and makes loud distracting noises that the person either chooses to adhere to or ignore. Abnormal psychology has worked out more problems that were associated with normal psychology. Therapies and treatments are advanced, illnesses and disorders are common and frequent, and studies are in depth. The root of normal psychology has attached itself to abnormal psychology. The study of how a person feels, thinks, interprets, and behaves is the root of both of these psychological paths and they are intertwined. Abnormal Psychology Essay Jeffrey Dahmer was a sex offender and serial killer mainly between the years 1978 and 1991. He is well known for his severely atypical behaviors. Among his outward manners that are recognized as abnormal are paraphilia-specifically necrophilia and sexual sadism. Jeffrey Dahmer’s victims, whom were boys and men, suffered from rape, violence, dismemberment and finally their murders. Dahmer’s slow progression of killings soon turned into an obsession, which would later land him in prison with a sentence for fifteen life terms or a total of 957 years in prison. Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer was born to Joyce and Lionel Dahmer in Wisconsin, and eight years later moved with his family to Ohio. In his younger years, between the ages of ten and fifteen, Jeffrey became more and more antisocial; he was very quiet and socially distant from his family members and had signs of anhedonia (loss of interest in hobbies and interactions with people). Discovered later, this behavior may have been caused by peers at school consistently mocking Jeffrey without him putting up any defense for himself. See more:  The 3 Types of Satire Essay His fetishes and discoveries of unique hobbies began in a biology class in 9th grade where Jeffrey and his classmates dissected a fetal pig. At the end of the class, Jeffrey collected the remains of the pig and returned to the house, deciding to keep its skeleton. Dahmer’s fascination with this initial incident began to grow and carry over to other animals, such as dogs and cats. In an interview with Stone Phillips Dahmer says, â€Å"There may have been some violence involved, some underlying subconscious feelings of violence†¦ I just†¦ it was a compulsion, it became a compulsion. As this continued throughout his teenage years, Jeffrey Dahmer began to consume alcohol regularly. In the same interview he admits, â€Å"I was drinking a lot during that time and just, I don’t know, looking for some way to find some fulfillment, some pleasure and I acted on my fantasies and that’s where everything went wrong. † Soon, his alcoholism, too, got out of hand and he became an alcoholic while still finishing high school. Jeffrey Dahmer attempted to attend college at Ohio State University, but his lost of interest in attending classes combined with his heavy consumption of alcohol caused him to drop out after only a quarter of a semester. During this time, his parents, Joyce and Lionel got divorced. Jeffrey’s father made him join the Army after dropping out of Ohio State, but after a couple years, his alcohol problem again caused him to be removed. After being discharged from the Army, Dahmer decided against facing his father so he decided to live in Miami, Florida where the majority of his time was spent in a hospital. In 1981 Jeffrey Dahmer was first arrested for public intoxication. In 1982, Jeffrey went back to Wisconsin to live with his grandmother. Late nights, alcohol binges, and belligerent behavior characterized his time living there. His grandmother was tolerant of his peculiar behavior at first, which included several strange incidences: she had found a male mannequin dressed up in Jeffrey’s closet, a . 357 Magnum under his bed, and she could recall many instances where awful smells would waft from the basement. Dahmer once claimed that the terrible smell was from a squirrel that he had caught, killed, and dissolved with chemicals. (Dahmer’s father was chemist, and this claim was made from Jeffery to his father; it seems as though Jeffery told his father so that he would be proud of him). Jeffrey was arrested again in 1982 and in 1986, both times for indecent exposure. The second offense that he was arrested for in 1986 was for masturbation in front of two young males. It was only two years later that Jeffrey’s so-far-tolerant grandmother told him that he could not live with her anymore due to the many strange happenings. Jeffrey was arrested in the same year, 1988, for sexually fondling and drugging a young teenage boy (age thirteen); for this, he was put on probation for five years and for one year he was assigned to a work release camp where he was registered as a sex offender from the incident with the thirteen year old boy. Due to good behavior and a built up trust with the authorities, Dahmer was paroled from his work release camp two months early. Jeffrey Dahmer began killing at age eighteen, which was during the summer of 1978. Since this was after his parent’s divorce, Dahmer’s mother no longer lived at the same house and his father was away for business duties. Jeffrey had brought a man over to the house offering to drink alcohol with him, and when the man tried to leave, Jeffrey beat him to death with a ten-pound weight to the head. Dahmer did not murder again until nine years later where he killed a man randomly after picking him up; Dahmer said he could not recollect anything about this murder. After the second murder, Jeffrey Dahmer’s killings increased dramatically adding two more to the same year (1989), five the following year (1990), and several after that. On July 22, 1991 Jeffrey Dahmer was arrested for the alleged 17 murders (which would later be reduced to 15). Psychological Functioning: Jeffrey Dahmer is a unique human being who struggled with necrophilia, which is having sexual attraction to corpses. Upon arrest, officers found many severed heads, dismembered body parts, an altar made of skeletons, and several corpses. This makes Dahmer seem like a collector in a way, but I think that his collections go beyond what people might consider a just a fetish. Often, those who are diagnosed with necrophilia behave in this was because they strongly desire to have full possession of and control over someone without the person resisting or refraining from being with them. I think this is a lot of what Jeffrey Dahmer dealt with in his life because he confesses it himself in his interview with Stone Phillips saying, â€Å"The only motive that there ever was- was to completely control a person, a person that I found physically attractive and keep them with me as long as possible, even if that meant just keeping a part of them. † Another reason for necrophilia could be a person’s desire for increased self-esteem; being attracted to a corpse was the only way Jeffrey could avoid rejection. As we know that Jeffrey was teased and picked on when he was young and during his teenage years, I think that his murders and necrophilia are related to these difficult times in his life. I think that once he established that he could have control over his victims, he went on a power trip and began to obsess over the supremacy he felt when he was controlling someone. It is reported that during the times that Dahmer was picked on and mocked in school, he never stood up for himself and never fought back. I think this led to an internalization of his feelings. He most likely built up some hostility to those people who tormented him and took advantage of him. Jeffrey Dahmer also began his attraction to males in his teenage years as he reports going to gay bars and bath clubs. The combination of his withheld anger and aggression towards his tormentors and the frustration that came from being attracted to men could have very well led to his outward aggression and finally to his killing spree. When Jeffrey talks about the things that he would do to victims, especially evident in his first crime, his pattern began to develop and it is in direct correlation to these things: he would seek out men (doing whatever it took to draw their attention), he would get them alone one way or another (either by bring them to the house or drugging them), and after having sex with them or taking advantage of them in whatever way he found pleasurable he would kill them. While he found it enjoyable to partake in sexual encounters while them men ere still alive, Jeffrey Dahmer found himself even more attracted to the corpses of those men and he found it fascinating to dismember them and keep just â€Å"a part of them. † I believe that this is where his necrophilia came from. In Jeffrey’s first murder we can see the power struggle where he desired to have sex with the man who wanted to leave. Through his sexual desires, Dahmer channeled his anger that he was being rejected and he lashed out and beat the man to death in the head with a ten-pound dumbbell. This extreme behavior is what leads me to believe that he showed signs of sadism. A sexual sadist finds pleasure in inflicting physical pain on someone and watching him or her suffer. I also can see that maybe Dahmer was frustrated with his sexual desires toward men and he felt his only way to stop this was to destroy the root of the problem; unfortunately, Jeffrey saw the men he was attracted to as his problem and in his desire to eliminate his problem he began killing the men who made him feel this way. In some ways, I am also convinced that Jeffrey Dahmer was competent and could take full responsibility of the killings because of his strategic behavior. His victims and murders were not random. Dahmer was also able to recognize that he was not completely satisfied in his initial encounters with the male species and when those things were no longer enough for him, he started purchasing sleeping pills in order to first drug his victims so that he could then take advantage of them. If Jeffrey Dahmer was not sane and competent than this organized behavior would not be evident in his tendencies. In the interview with Stone Phillips, Dahmer says, â€Å"After the second time, it seemed like the compulsion to do it was too strong and I didn’t even try to stop it after that; but before the second time, things had been building up gradually: going to bookstores, going to the bars- the gay bars, bath clubs; when that wasn’t enough, buying sleeping pills using it on various guys in the bath clubs. It just escaladed slowly but surely and after the second time which was not planned, it was out of control—it felt like it was out of control. The way that he uses his words here implies that he does take responsibility and that he fully knew what he was doing; as he says, â€Å"it was out of control—it felt like it was out of control,† he recognizes that he had the ability to make a choice and he chose to sexually victimize the men he was attracted to and then kill them. I am convinced that all of the things mentioned above lend themselves to his atypical functioning, but one thing that was not addressed was his parent’s role in all of this. Although they were divorced and parted during a time in Jeffrey’s life where he was having difficulties in other areas, I do not think that this was an issue or trigger to any of his behaviors. In an interview Jeffrey actually defends his parents saying that it makes him mad when people accuse them of playing any role in his decisions because they were not even aware of the type of issues Jeffrey was dealing with. From what Dahmer admits, we know that it was a gradual escalation of compulsive feelings that led to his abnormal behaviors. On November 28, 1994 while in prison, Jeffrey was beaten by an inmate and died from head trauma. Abnormal Psychology Essay As many know Psychology is the study of the human mind, consciousness, and behavior. Psychology is also an enormous field of study and contains many sub divisions that pertain to more specific areas of the human psyche. One of these subdivisions is the study of Abnormal Psychology. Abnormal psychology focuses studies on an atypical region of any particular society, as to find out why these abnormalities occur. These conditions can vary in how abnormal they are from barely noticeable to extremes that require special needs. Examples of these could be a mild case of depression (not as noticeable) to a severe case of Schizophrenia (extremely noticeable). Various examples will be addressed and explained but first, in order to fully understand the process of abnormal psychology one must know the difference between normal and abnormal. (Mcleod) As individuals one decides what one likes or dislikes, but not what â€Å"normal† society is to like or dislike. Defining what normal is can be harder than one may think. See more: Is the Importance of being earnest a satirical play essay Researchers have worked for years to clearly define normal with no luck in getting a precise definition to relate human behavior to. Normal psychology is defined by the time, place, and people involved, thus making it difficult because culture changes with evolution and values. In order for one to define abnormal psychology, an individual must first define normal psychology. Understanding that normal psychology is outlining what are acceptable actions helps one understand abnormal psychology is dependent on the situation for a definition. Abnormal psychology is best defined as a deviation from what a group decides is acceptable or unacceptable. Psychologist use synonyms for abnormal, such as unusual or maladaptive, to define characteristic traits on a scale with normal in the middle and barriers on each side of normal to compensate for the recurring abnormal behavior, any behavior past those barriers is considered extremely opposite of the norm and rare. There are few true experiments done on abnormal psychology because it is not ethical to manipulate an experiment to control certain conditions. Determining if something or someone is presenting normal or abnormal behavior depends on the object or the person. There are a few mental disorders and illnesses that better compare and contrast aspects of abnormal psychology to normal psychology; a somewhat common disorder is Bipolar Disorder. Bipolar Disorder, many wonder about what this illness is. This disorder was once described as manic depressive disorder; symptoms of this disorder include but are not limited to periods of deep depression which may alternate with mania. Mania is described as a unique state of mind in which a person may feel invincible or that anything in the world is possible for them to accomplish (Abell & Ey, July). Individuals who suffer from bipolar disorder can go long periods of time without sleep or have the polar opposite and have extreme amounts of energy. There are approximately 1-2% of adults in the world diagnosed with bipolar disorder; while scientists do not yet know what causes the chemical changes in the brain they do know that this disorder does have a genetic component. Some scientists believe that bipolar disorder is linked with network connectivity in the brain, it has been shown with neuroscience that neurocognitive abnormalities, particularly in executive function tasks which link to the frontal cortex. However studies have shown that there are no major losses of grey matter in the cortex but there are several changes in the white matter (Ferrier, April). Another fairly common disorder amongst abnormal psychology is Down syndrome. Down syndrome is a genetic condition which causes delays in physical and intellectual development. It has been studied and found to occur once in every 691 births. A person who has Down syndrome has an extra chromosome so instead of having 46 they have 47 chromosomes. Down syndrome is usually detected at birth or very shortly after, it is a disorder that can also be detected by genetic testing while the child is in utero. This disorder is confirmed by a chromosome study called a karyotype. A karyotype provides a visual study of the chromosomes grouped by their size, number and shape they are studied by examining blood and tissue cells. Scientists believe the cause of Down syndrome is that there is an error in the cell division this is called nondisjunction. Psychologists and scientists alike do not know why this occurs but it is known that this phenomenon occurs at conception and there is nothing the mother could have done during pregnancy to avoid such from happening (National Association for Down Syndrome, 2012). These two disorders are caused by actual chemical and genetic differences in the brain where as the next two examples are illnesses that are linked to more subtle differences that are much less noticeable at first glance. Schizophrenia is a mental illness that makes it hard to tell what is real and what is not. People with this illness hear voices in their heads and often times think people are plotting to harm them in some way. For this reason, they will seem agitated or will tend to separate themselves from society. About one percent of Americans suffer from this mental illness. People with this illness do not make sense when they talk and can sit for hours without moving. Family’s that have loved ones with this illness are largely affected by this, because people with schizophrenia often times have difficulty maintaining a job and become very dependent on close relatives. Dyslexia is a reading disability that happens when the brain does not process or recognize certain symbols. People that suffer from dyslexia have a brain that takes longer to make connections and does it in more steps. Often times people with dyslexia have trouble matching the letters with the sounds and combination the letters make. When these individuals struggle with this step, it makes the remaining process of steps for the brain even more difficult. A majority of people with dyslexia are really intelligent and can often times retain a lot of information but reading poses a real challenge for them. Dyslexia is actually very common today but is still widely considered a mental illness because of the brains connectivity issues. These four examples show that abnormal psychology not only focuses the rare or uncommon disorders but includes even many of the vast common illnesses of today. Each of the disorders and illnesses listed have several approaches for healing and therapy, this is because of the different views and thought processes from each of the schools of thought give several alternatives. Each school of psychology has a different theory of how the mind works and where mental disorders originate. Thusly, each school has its own way of addressing psychological problems. The most common schools of thought used in therapy are: psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, cognitive, humanistic and biological (Mote, 2013). In psychodynamic theory, it is believed that mental disorders originate from tension between your conscious and unconscious mind. This is usually caused by some kind of trauma, physical or emotional, from childhood. Psychoanalysis, a lengthy form of therapy that attempts to bring awareness to the unconscious elements of a person’s mind, is the preferred form of treatment in the psychodynamic school (Mote, 2013). Cognitive-behavioral theory focuses, â€Å"on the person’s life as it is now – the current and conscious thought patterns and behaviors† (Mote, 2013). Basically, this school of thought focuses on what we are going through now and how that is affecting our mental health rather than trying to find a reason from the past. Therapy from this school focuses on how to change behaviors and will usually give â€Å"homework† to do before the next session (Mote, 2013). The theory behind cognitive therapy is that problematic thinking patterns, called cognitive distortions, are the stimulus for psychological disorders (Mote, 2013). These are considered to be automatic thoughts rather than unconscious like in previous schools. Therapy in this school consists of identifying and altering the cognitive distortions in order to bring a resolution to the disorder (Mote, 2013). Humanistic therapy focuses on the individual and their defining qualities, what makes them special and unique. Therapists of this school try to make their clients aware of their emotions, values, and motivations to bring about change to their psyche (Mote, 2013). One of the most important parts of therapy in this school is the relationship between the therapist and their client. The goal is, â€Å"establishing and maintaining a sense of acceptance and respect for the client† (Mote, 2013), this is considered a hallmark of the school and is one of the most valuable techniques a therapist can use. Biological theory believes that mental disorders are caused by the brains pathology, essentially saying that the brain itself is flawed and causing the problems (Mote, 2013). The most common therapy for this is the use of medications, called pharmacotherapy; only a physician can prescribe these medications. Most of the medications focus on neural transmitter points and work to either increase or decrease the amount of activity in these sites (Mote, 2013). Even though each school of psychology approaches mental disorders differently, each method of therapy is affective against psychological issues. Every school may not be best for everyone though; finding a therapy that works for the individuals needs is key. In conclusion abnormal psychology is yet a small branch of the vast tree that is â€Å"psychology†, yet still provides extremely important studies which help ociety define that what is â€Å"normal†. Abnormal Psychology will always be a changing field as is normal psychology; it is defined by what society sees as abnormal and normal. A recent example of this could be homosexuality vs. drunk driving, the two as seen in societies eyes have switched from being accepted and unaccepted in the last 60 years. Whichever way society progresses will help better define what truly abnormal behavior is, and with the several schools of thought at its disposal hopefully society can continue helping those in need. Abnormal Psychology Essay The authors of this study were Sarra Hayes, Colette Hirsche, and Andrew Mathews. It was published in the August 2008 issue of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology. These researchers administered a questionnaire to measure the degree one worries to several students at staff at King’s College London in the United Kingdom. Among these participants, 32 people were selected for the study. This group was divided between those who worried often (high worriers) and those who rarely fretted (low worriers). The groups were then given a key pressing task in which they had to hit any key as soon as they heard a beep. These participants were also asked to fill out a thought rating scale to find out what kinds of positive thoughts they were having during the task. Finally, the groups were also given a filler task to reduce any carryover effect a previous trial of the key pressing task may have had. The researchers concluded that those who worried the most were more distracted from even the simplest task of hitting a random key when one hears a beep. Positive thoughts, however, did not seem to be as distracting. In the end, the researchers found that working memory is negatively affected by worrying. See more:  Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay This study struggled with a major weakness of an exceptionally small sample size, but it remains valuable because it surveyed a nonclinical sample. The participants represented a sample of people who worried, but did not demonstrate levels of anxiety that disturbed their everyday functioning. While I do not believe any of the participants in this study were harmed or endangered, I would not have wanted to participate in this research. I do not enjoy tedious tasks and I am quick to identify the role of filler activities in a study. The key pressing task seems relatively boring and I prefer research that has a more direct and positive impact in the lives of others. Since I think that the findings do contribute to our understanding of how humans are able to balance worrying with their other cognitive tasks, I do see the value in this study. I would be interested to hear how the researchers might propose preventing worrying or helping those chronic worriers utilize their memories more effectively. Works Cited Hayes, Sarra, Hirsch, Colette, and Mathews, Andrew. â€Å"Restriction of Working Memory Capacity During Worry. † Journal of Abnormal Psychology August 2008: 712-717.

Dubai Residents Nowadays Spend Too Much on Shopping

Yes it is agreed as it is a young modern city transformed from a desert, hence has taken the best of the cities to make it the best . As a result the bench mark of lifestyle is high for e. g. : cars, designer labels are imported as Dubai doesn’t manufactures it, therefore consumer has to pay if he wants. These luxuries are a necessity be it as a means of travel etc. However the city is new and has many multicultural populations hence results in various demands. There are various reasons for shopping in Dubai such as brand addiction, status symbol etc, another reason is that the activities are limited and visits to shopping malls results in shopping. Growing trends of shopping noticed in dubai in last few years in resident of dubai. Every person who lives in dubai now are more into the shopping phobia. Above statement is stated on use of following attributies : 1. Financially Stable Country 2. Highest Salary Graph 3. Brand Abundance 4. Geographical Location 5. Fashion In The Air 6. Unlimited Advertisement. 1) Dubai is nowadays people around the world are seen seeking interest in setting up their business entities in Middle East and mostly Dubai . Furthermore according to H. H Shk Muhammad Bin Al Rashid Al Makhtoum (Vice president and ruler of Dubai ) stated that in previous two years people are having more confident to invest their money in Dubai as it has been financially stable during the recession whch took place in 2008 , the evidence to it is that however there was recession in the country but it did not effect the ambition and addiction of residents on shopping , it was seen that shopping malls were seen crowded every season , which makes one say that Dubai is Financially Stable Country . ) The Second reason of why Dubai Residents spend too much money on shopping is that the salary graph is noticed to be increasing day by day which is cause of getting addicted to shopping , it can also be referred as excess of money , however because of this increasing salary residents are addicted to buy branded product to maintain their status in society. Studies have established that UAE has the regions highest individual spenders, with each of its 8. 2 million people spending an average amount of $21,577 (Dhs 79,522) per annum . (Arab Monetory Fund 2010). The world highest apparel sales per capital is at $785 (Dhs 2,865) . At kearney’s Global Retail ) . Furthermore most of the Housewives in Dubai spend their time in kitty parties and other social activities , and for these activities they spend a bunch money on brands , beauty saloon , spa , designer label clothes etc . However these are afforded only because there is increase in salary which eventually increase the addiction to shopping. Hence the salary graph plays an important role in shopping addiction among the residents of Dubai . 3) Brand Abundance is said to be one of the major cause of over expenditures on shopping attitude in Dubai residents. As the financial stability hits the region of Dubai every major brand outlet is easy to find in Dubai , due to number of malls and various brands stores. This makes Dubai resident more brand conscious and as a result overexposure to labels , brands and novelties are found in Dubai. Which maintains the habit of shopping among Dubai Residents. This also makes a reson for every brand to target Dubai as the consumption is seen more in this part of Middle East. Such is the case with Bloomingdales , Parada , Nichols and many other brands . ) Geographical Location is Excessive shopping happened in dubai is because of geographical location. The geographical location of the city also favors excessive shopping. Dubai has a hot and moist type of weather. For that cause, people are ambitious to the big air-conditioned shopping malls. There, they are over depiction to the advertisement and charisma of the major brands and that makes them shop more. Brands here are merely profit-oriented, and do n ot run environmental campaigns in the park or on the beach, but in the mall. Also, as it was previously talk about Dubai is a shopping hub due to the city’s geographical location. People from China, Saudi Arabia and Europe visit Dubai on a holiday or simply on a shopping extravaganza from corner to the malls. It seems that this propensity for shopping is reflecting on Dubai residents as well. Whenever you go out, and that means most of the time to the shopping mall, you see beaming tourists carrying a multitude of glossy shopping bags. 5) Fashion in the Air A number of power events like Dubai World Cup horse racing or the Oil Barron’s Ball, and never-ending product launches require attendants to dress to the occasions where often they are judged on their outfits by the rest of the crowd. As a result, people have become highly fashion conscious and this is another reason why are Dubai residents addicted to shopping. 6) Unlimited Advertisement is advertising during the past few years become repressive, obtrusive and time-consuming for most of the people who live in Dubai. Since the moment you awake and turn the radio on, you get attacked with offers and promotions. When you drive around Dubai, you see advertisement everywhere and in all forms, from billboards to TV screens. Public transport is one of the major source the brands are using for their advertisements. Such as; * Nowadays, the movies in the Reel Cinema start 25 minutes later, because the cinema makes huge chunk of profit by showing its public a rich variety of advertisements. * This is understandable, but up to some extent! Five ads at the time are quite enough for most of the people, but in Dubai you get to see 35 or more various advertisements before the film starts. The inferior advertisement seller is the TV network. A TV show that is supposed to last 35 minutes, for example, consists of approximately 21 minutes advertisement and 14 minutes content. In addition, the TV ads are literary stuffed by 20 or even 25 in blocks of approximately five minutes each. For example, during â€Å"The Entrepreneur† TV show of 35 minutes, you can watch 4 or 5 times the same advertisement for Coca-Cola. This is no longer even an effective advertisement, because it doesn’t inspire you to drink Coca-Cola, but boars you. In many countries around the world, TV advertisement is regulated by law. Industry experts say that in the United Kingdom, for every one hour of TV program viewers should see 9 minutes of advertisement. In the United States, the norm is stretched to 17 minutes of ads for each hour of show or film. (London Hilton mall—- 2011 Peoples from dubai spends around 100 million pounds due to Olympics 2012 last year they are unable to get more business from the same gentry but currently they are expecting 150 million pounds business from these peoples in 2013. ) According to a survey Only one in five people, or 35 percent of UAE respondents, said luxury was â€Å"over and above what you need†, the Synovate survey of 8,000 people in 11 countries found. This attitude comes from the large number of designer shops, high-end hotels and plush shopping malls in the emirates, said Per-Henrik Karlsson, Synovate’s business development director in Dubai. â€Å"This creates aspirational behaviour among expats, tourists and locals alike. It starts even before you arrive, as the Emirates Airlines pre-landing video about Dubai is all about shopping, luxury cars and hotels,† â€Å"And once on the ground, it's everywhere: the main highway is full of billboards advertising luxury brands. Even eating out in Dubai is part of this lifestyle, with some luxury brands operating their own food and beverage outlets in malls. The Middle East mass luxury goods sector is set to grow 10 percent a year, Bahrain's Investcorp said earlier this year, boosted by the region’s young population and relative wealth. The survey found the UAE was also among the top locations for logo-branded goods, with 58 percent of residents saying they preferred to buy designer items. The other two countries were India, with 79 percent and Hong Kong with 68 percent. The country with the lowest percentage of people preferring logos was the UK with 46 percent. â€Å"Showing off logos is not seen as bad taste; whether it's old or new money doesn't matter nearly as much as simply having money! In fact, another newly popular trend here is buying brands that sport oversize logos, like certain shirts – the more ostentatious, the better,† Karlsson said. Another statistic to come out of the survey, published in December, was that 14 percent of people in the UAE most value the feeling â€Å"that I have something my friends and colleagues do not have†. Twenty three percent of UAE residents said they purchase luxury items â€Å"As soon as I decide I want it, I buy it† – the second highest figure behind India with 28 percent. However, consumer confidence was reported to have slipped for the first time in the UAE since March, the latest quarterly survey by Bayt. com and YouGov Siraj found. (ByElsa Baxter , Tuesday, 12 January 2010 8:03 AM , business . com ) Thus it can be concluded stating that though the addiction of shopping is seen in Dubai residents but however it is increasing the economy of Dubai as there is more consumption and every one in Dubai is buying them whether it be a person of any classified category , the biggest reason which seen and heard it that to maintain the status in society .

Explore the Theme of Monstrosity in Frankenstein Essay

Montrosity is a key in Frankenstein, and it affects both the Creature and Victor, whilst at the same time , Shelley argues that society is monstrous through injustices of the time and the social conventions. Frankenstein could be said to be the monster himself- when he says â€Å"miserable monster† whom â€Å"I had created†, we see Shelley implicitly suggest, through the alliterative phrase, that just as â€Å"Adam was created in God’s image† so too was the Creature born in the image of Victor. Moreover, the idea that Frankenstein is himself the monster is reinforced by â€Å"or rather cell†. â€Å"Cell† refers to a prison cell, and is used symbolically to represent the idea that just like a cell is for criminals, who perform acts of monstrousity, so to is Frankenstein the â€Å"criminal† commiting an act of â€Å"monstrosity†. On the other hand, we could argue that it was not so much the act of creation that was monstrous, but rather Frankenstein’s reaction. By writing â€Å"I ran out of the room† we see Victor perform the ultimate rejection, and therefore, shunning the responsibilty that exists in the binary between â€Å"Parent† and â€Å"Child†- as John McRae argued. It is interesting to note that Frankenstein rejects the monster because of an innate selfishness- â€Å"the beauty of the dream vanished† implies that Frankenstein’s physical conception does not equal that of his mental conception, and that because Frankenstein’s plan are in disarray, his rational scientific methods- â€Å"I selected†¦in proportion† show this- are replaced by emotional responses; which for him, is territory unknown- in the same way Walton seeks to â€Å"ascertain the secrets† or how the Creature wants to understand human behaviour at the De Lacy’s. Thus, we see a connection between Victor and the Creature- whom he describes as â€Å"miserbale monster†. Furthermore, the fact that Frankenstein can only respond to the Creature’s birth in empirical, scientific observations- â€Å"pearly white teeth, dull eyes†- constrasts with Elizabeth’s response to William’s death- â€Å"O I have murdered my child†. By portraying Elizabeth in a positive light- she forms an emotional response, which juxtaposes with the sterile feelings of Frankenstein at the conception of the Creatue, Shelley implies that women present a greater degree of humanity- and thus criticises the male dominated society on education- whilst they may read â€Å"Shakespeare† and â€Å"Agrippa†, women will be worldly-wise, (no doubt influence by her feminist mother) and that they are necessary to prevent monstrosities. This idea of the female role is reinforced by the fact that as the novel progresses, the women are slowly being removed- first his Mother, then Justine and then Elizabeth- â€Å"I saw Elizabeth†¦held the corpse of my dead mother†. This presents Frankenstein’s mental degregation and ultimately, the ctalyst for the mosntrous act- so Shelley presents the idea of a dichotomy between man and women- Darwin supported this by suggesting the hierachy of reproducion- man and woman is better than man alone. However, it could also be argued that Frankenstein’s settings augment his monstrousity- we see a sense of isolation- â€Å"solitude† is repeated, implying that by imposing self-exile, Frankenstein detaches himself from society and its rules and that he has become an â€Å"outsider† (McCrae)- much as the monstrousity that Victor calls the Creature, is also an outsider. Indeed the connection between the two is best examined by the Shelley use of the mountain-top- â€Å"Chamonuix, where I saw him†- which alludes to the idea of the Creator and Creation meeting (Hayward), both as equal, with both, arguably as montrous, Victor for abondoning the Creature, and the Creature (for Victor) a representation fo his failure. By using â€Å"Solitude and â€Å" Filthy Workshop of Creation†, Shelley implies that this isolation leads to thoughts of monstrousity- Godwin influecned her argiung it â€Å"was a nusery of madmen†. This separation from society is symbolic too. If Geneva is â€Å"Eden†, then by extending against the limits of knowledge-â€Å"if no man broke the rules† suggests no remorse- he cut himself off, much like Lucifer in Paradise Lost- and thus, Shelley implies that this inner monster within Frankenstein and all of us, can only be restrained by a balance- whether, male or female, or equal laws. The idea that the monstrousity is within Frankenstein (and therefore us) is suggested by â€Å"wildness in his eyes†- he claims the Creature to be â€Å"wild†, but if the eyes are â€Å"windows to the sould†, Shelley suggests and innate montrosity in him (and us); an â€Å"id† that is the carnal desires. This contrasts the idea of the Monster’s â€Å"dull eyes†- which challenges the idea that the Creature is the monstrosity- this challenge is the reason why Shelley uses the Chinese Box Narrative- the various â€Å"narritve eyes† makes us formulate our own judgement. In fact, the Moster, may be the most human of us all- he â€Å"imitates the physiognamy and manners† in the same way that Justine did, yet both are treated unfairly. This idea of an unfair treatment alludes to Shelley’s belief that monstorusity exists in society- so whilst we can say it was Victor’s nature to be monstorus (and that society placed limits to prevent this), the nurturing of him within society is what leads to the monstrosity arguably. In the case of the Justine, the irony is that she is treated â€Å"un-JUSTlY† contrary to her name- which perhaps could be Shelley’s sly reference to her desire for female eqaulity (influenced by Wollstencraft –the feminist motehr) – a name is afforded to all, and Justine’s name contain’s justice- therefore, when she â€Å"is found guilty†- there is a trangression of nature, in the same way that Frankenstein transgresses nature by creating life. This presents the idea that society is too quick to judge- just as Frankenstein believes â€Å"seemingly to grab me†, Justine is quickly found guilty- regardless of Elizabeth’s plea- no wonder Shelley present s the law in such a negative light- â€Å"judge†¦meddle in the dark side of human nature†, because it is flawed and makes rash decisions. Thus, we see Shelley regard society as the monster. To conclude, monstrosity is pervades throughout the novel, affecting all characters and being influenced by setting and society. Yet, in the same way that the Creature was Frankenstein’s creation, the novel coould be seen as her monster-shunned by contempories but exposing the reatiy of monstrosity within us all.

Children In Early Modern Europe DBQ

Children DBQIn early modern Europe, various assumptions were made about children and how to raise them. Some families went with detachment, tender love, or cruelty. All of these assumptions, more or less, affected child-rearing practices.In the 1550s in Florence, Italy, Benvenuto Cellini describes a time where he visited his natural, born in wedlock, son. â€Å"..when I wanted to leave he refused to let me go.. breaking into a storm of crying and screaming† â€Å"I detached myself from my little boy and left him crying his eyes out† (Document 4) Because the childhood mortality rate was so high, men and women would teach themselves to not get themselves so attached to their children, because they would pass away at the cause of some sort of ailment or lack of good health.In 1693, in London, a famous philosopher by the name of John Locke wrote an essay/book called, â€Å"Some Thoughts Concerning Education†. In it, he writes, â€Å"..I do not intend any other but s uch as suited to the child’s capacity and apprehension† â€Å"..they must be treated as rational creatures.. Make them sensible by the mildness of your carriage and composure† When Locke write this he means that if you show your child no emotion, your manner will teach them that everything you do is necessary for their well-being, and thus, teaching them that nothing will be handed to them in life. (Document 11)In Amsterdam, in 1762, the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau informs us in his writing, â€Å"Emile†, about the negativities of indulgence. â€Å"An excess of rigor and an excess of indulgence are both to be avoided. If by too much care you spare them every kind of discomfort† Rousseau is telling us that by protecting the children from every sort of misery in the world, you are not preparing them for the harsh life in early modern Europe. (Document 12)Although most preferred the detachment method when it came to children, some cherished their children and showered them in tender love. Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, writes in a letter about her mother’s way of raising her. â€Å"We were bred tenderly, for my mother naturally did strive to please and delight her children, not to cross and torment them..† By  this, she believes that cruelty and detachment to children is not healthy for their upbringing, that love is the right, more civilized way up bettering your child’s well-being. (Document 9)The families that do lose their children at a young age, some don’t grieve while other do so and more. Martin Luther, a Protestant reformer, wrote a letter to a friend on the death of his thirteen year old daughter, Magdalene, in Wittenberg, Germany, 1542. â€Å"The force of our natural love is so great that we are unable to refrain from crying and grieving in our hearts and experiencing death ourselves† Luther and his wife loved and cherished their daughter so greatly they were willin g to give up their own lives to let their â€Å"obedient and respectful† daughter, Magdalene, live on. (Document 2)Some upper class families whose children do live on, raise their children with the utmost care, the best education, and so forth. Christoph Scheurl, a Nuremburg jurist and diplomat, wrote annual notes to himself about his son Georg’s growth and progress, in Nuremburg, Germany, 1538. â€Å"He likes to learn, delights in it. He is now learning Donat and can already cite it from memory† â€Å"He knows where everything he puts between his teeth comes from† Christoph has raised his soon-to-be 6 years old son to appreciate what’s given to him, by showing him that the food that he eats is given to him by his father’s hard earned money. Christoph has also taught his son Donat, which is the Latin grammar of Donatus which is not something a lower class child would learn let alone read. (Document 1)Some of the population of early modern Eu rope would turn to cruelty when it came to raising their children. They viewed the young as nothing but insignificant beings. For example, King Henry IV wrote a letter to Madame de Montglat, the governess to his six year old son, Louis, in Paris, 1607. â€Å"I have a complaint to make: you do not send word that you have whipped my son. I wish and command you to whip him every time he is obstinate or misbehaves† King Henry IV makes this request to the governess because he wants his son to understand that doing a wrong will bring him consequences. Henry thinks he knows best because he was whipped as a child as well. (Document 8)The Domostroi, a Russian manual on household management written in Moscow, in the 1550s states that, â€Å"A man who loves his son will whip him often.. He who disciplines his son will find a profit in him† This document is stating that a man who whips his son, and one who gives him a good education, will make his son turn into a well-disciplined, understanding, humble man. Having a son like this, well give that father bragging rights among his friends. (Document 3)Jean Benedict, a Franciscan preacher, moralist, and professor of theology, writes A Summary of Sins, in Lyon, France, 1584. In this he writes, â€Å"It must be noted that the command of the father obligates the child to obey under pain of mortal sin† In this document, Benedict states that the feeling of performing sin should be enough pain and cruelty to makes the child feel his wrongdoings and repent his sins. (Document 7) In conclusion, in early modern Europe, various assumptions were made about children and how to raise them. Some families went with detachment, tender love, or cruelty. All of these assumptions, more or less, affected child-rearing practices.

New Product Launch Marketing Plan Essay

Executive Summary Learning Team A has shown in the first two phases of the marketing plan that individuals exercise for a variety of reasons including obesity, addressed target markets (recreational, fitness, and professional athletes), decision motivators and buying behaviors (individual needs and health concerns), the Product Life Cycle, the four P’s, and the product mix. Within this final phase, Learning Team A will be discussing situational analysis, market growth potential and competitive analysis, segmentation, target market, and positioning, pricing and distribution, and marketing communication. Also discussed will be the financial aspect, intended market objectives for year 1, year 2 and year 3, implementation milestones, and finally, evaluation and control metrics and methodology to measure performance. Situational Analysis My Run Buddy offers a new innovation in fitness technology as the first voice commanded treadmill. Its product marketing on extraordinary combination of powerful design and features are the key factors for its product brand development and market growth in the fitness industry. Enhancing and implementing strategic marketing plan will also be essential to the success of My Run Buddy. Market Growth Potential and Competitive Analysis There are so many treadmills out on the market today, individuals try to find just the right one that will give them just the right workout for their lifestyle. With the innovative features that are installed on My Run Buddy, such as the Voice Command option, Learning Team A believes that this will escalate My Run Buddy to the top of everyone’s list of treadmills. Learning Team A estimates that with these innovative features, sales will be high and  profits will be generated. Learning Team A compared My Run Buddy with two different treadmills that are out on the market today, the LifeSpan Treadmill and the Life Fitness T5-0 Treadmill. After reviewing both of these, the one that comes closest to My Run Buddy is the Life Fitness T5-0 Treadmill. The Life Fitness T5-0 Treadmill has many of the similar features, warranties and price range; however, it does not have the Voice Command feature. The Voice Command feature is what is unique to My Run Buddy and everyone that uses this machine, whether it be at home or in a gym, will feel comfortable with the features and enjoy the easiness of programming it to their respective needs. Marketing Strategies The major strategies to market My Run Buddy are aimed toward health and fitness industries. According to Wellsource (2014), in the next five years, an increase of at least 4.2 percent within five years is projected for the demand in services and equipment for the multibillion-dollar health and wellness industry. My Run Buddy will reach out to male and female customers mostly between the ages of twenty to forty years old, which does not limit customers who are fifty years of age and above because of the growing demand to promote active health lifestyle for all ages. In addition to the market target stated, a small percentage of customers who may use My Run Buddy include professional athletes preparing for competitions such as marathons or the Olympic games. Positioning My Run Buddy focuses on its ability to become as the first voice commanded treadmill providing extraordinary combination of powerful design, comprehensive product features, and positive health and fitness results to its customers. Its major advantage compared to other existing treadmills is its capacity to offer personalized fitness workouts to ensure safe workouts based on each user’s health status, vital signs, and intensity of workout. Marketing Program Kotler and Keller (2012) mentioned that consumers often make the decision to purchase certain products based on how they perceive the price of the  product is rather than the marketer’s stated price. The automobile may cost $100,000, and if some customers perceive the particular price to be reasonable price for the automobile, they will purchase it based on their perception and not because of the fact that marketers set the price of the automobile as $100,000. Same customer may feel that $30,000 for different automobile is too expensive even though he or she felt that $100,000 for the automobile was reasonable for them because they perceive each products differently. Kotler and Keller (2012) also mentioned that customer are less sensitive to price of the product when they believe that 1) there are not too many similar products in the market that can replace the quality of the given product; 2) the high price of the product can be justified; 3) stated price of the product is just a small cost of obtaining unique product for the life time. Learning team A intends to set the price of the voice commanded treadmill to create the perception that the price of voice commanded treadmill is reasonable enough for a customer to purchase the customized treadmill that can enhance their health status for the rest of their lives. Rather than matching the price of the treadmill to another company’s lower price of the treadmill, Learning team A believes it will be beneficial for the company if the company can justify that customers are paying for superior quality of the voice commanded treadmill, and they are saving money for more value on the voice commanded treadmill by paying the stated retail price. Kotler and Keller (2012) stated that companies need to consider four different objectives when they are attempting to determine the level of effectiveness for their market logistics: 1) How should the company handle orders from customers? 2) Where should the company store their products? 3) How much products should the company store in the designated storage space? And 4) How should the company distribute the product to the customer? Learning team A believes it is best for customers to be able to order the voice commanded treadmill from the company’s internal website or the electronic commerce company, such as Amazon because customers do not always have time to visit the local retail locations to order the product. Learning team A believes the company should store voice commanded treadmill in warehouses located in west coast, east coast, and southern states and use  the fast transportation method, such as FedEx, UPS, and USPS to expedite the shipment process. Learning team A does not recommend the company to store excessive amount of voice commanded treadmill in their storage locations, but they suggest that company’s logistic professional and sales professional should work together to determine the projected amount of sales for the given period and attempt to clear out the amount of inventory if they become too excessive by promoting clearance sales events. Marketing Communication Plan Multiple methods of advertising and promotion for My Run Buddy will be used as part of marketing plan for reaching out to its target market. Kiosks will be installed in stores and retailers selling the product, where its shoppers will experience free product demonstration. Discount coupons, extended warranty, free product delivery, or free trial offers are also few promotions to be considered for customers. Other than kiosks in stores, My Run Buddy can also be offered for free trial or deals to different fitness locations such as LA Fitness or Gold’s Gym. Furthermore, advertising through multiple media such as print, online, television will be utilized to spread information about the product. Financial Information Our cost structure allow us to pass some savings and still have a solid 200% contribution margin which means that even if we start with low profit, we can sustain the operation enough to see the product establish in the market. Our Policy is to have certain allowances and discounts for wholesalers tie to our AR so our Promotional Pricing follow the following: Total Cost (Including Labor, Overhead, and Transportation) per unit: $2,000 US Direct Cost (Parts, electronic components, etc†¦) per unit: $1,250 US Contribution Margin Goal (Floor Price): $2,500 Sensitivity on Total Profit without marketing expense: Price 1: $3,600 (80% Profit) p unit Price 2: $3,200 (60% Profit) p unit. We will sell the Unit to the Wholesale at $3,600 with a contractual allowance to renew each year of 5% prompt pay discount (less than 30 days), and an additional volume (more than 10 Units per month) discount of 7% of  the marked price. This will allow the wholesaler the possibility to pay only $3,181 per unit if they pay on time and order 10 units per month. A savings of $419 per unit or 11.64% discount. Our closest competition based on the specs (4.0 Motor, Absorption pad, Monitor, etc.. but without the voice activation is the Life Fitness Club Series Treadmill (http://www.treadmilltalk.com/treadmill-comparison-chart-5.html) with an average price in the US of $5,500. Financial Objectives To start sales with a minimum of 60% Profit To increase sales by 2% in Year 2, and another 5% Year 3 To keep plan under budget Break Even Analysis Cost to produce a treadmill unit (Direct Cost): $1,250 Fixed Cost (Annual Overhead): $9,000 ($750*12) If selling for $3,200, then we need to sell 5 Units to break even! ($9,000/ ($3,200- $1,250)) If selling for $3,600, then we need to sell 4 Units to break even! ($9,000/ ($3,600- $1,250)) If selling for $3,181, then we need to sell 5 Units to break even! ($9,000/ ($3,181- $1,250)) Marketing Expenses We are estimating a marketing expense (promotion, training, etc†¦) of $500 on Year 1, $400 Year 2, and $280 on Year 3 Per Unit; these figures are considered in the budget. Forecasting Demand We are estimating a total of 200 Units sales on year one with an increase of 2% in Year 2, and another 5% Year 3. We will keep the price the same for the first 3 years; therefore we expect the following each year: Year1: $636,200 in revenue with a 64.7% Profit Year2: $648,924 in revenue with a 64.7% Profit Year3: $681,370 in revenue with a 64.7% Profit Marketing Objectives Year 1: Establish the Product in the industry: To be one of the top 5 brands in the fitness equipment industry among the wholesalers and the consumers. Year 2: Increase Sales on a steady pace: To increase the number of wholesalers purchasing our product by 7%. Year 3: Brand Management: To ensure consistency between our brand licensing strategy and the overall business goal† and to focus on maximizing leverage of the brand. Implementation Milestones Milestones during this project will be the main guides to product progression and success. In order to determine whether the product development and launch is on track our team has decided to set in place milestone or timeline marks to stay on track. Our product will have 4 major milestones with different sub sectioned goals. The first milestone will be identifying customer needs and within this major category we have to accomplish the following goals; business problems, customer requirements, business opportunity, target application and technology requirements/abilities. The second milestone will be to accomplish understanding of the market opportunity. Within this we plan to accomplish industry trends, market size and growth, target market and finally market channels. The third milestone will be entering the market. Within this second major milestone we will accomplish product positioning, competitive strategies, pricing, marketing plan, sales strategy, sales tools and customer support. The third milestone will be a continuous process during the length of the product. The final milestone is generating revenue and the goals accomplished will be establishing partners, channels and leads. The last milestone will also be a continuous process for the length of the product. Milestones may be introduced and revamped depending on the shift of the product lifecycle. Since our team is aiming for continuous growth and success, we are aware that milestones need to be in place and also re introduced so that a cycle does not fail and we continue to succeed. Evaluation of Metrics and Methodology Elrod, Susan Murray, and Bande (2013) mentioned that there are four different categories of performance measures supply chain companies consider when attempting to determine the level of effectiveness for their supply chain management system: financial cost, quality, time, and flexibility. The cost to produce the product, the cost to distribute the product to the customer, and the cost to store the product in warehouse are some of the key  factors affecting the financial cost category of the supply chain management performance metrics (Elrod et al, 2013). Customer’s perceived value of the product, level of accuracy of the product, and the ability for a company to distribute the product safely to the customer without any damage fall under the quality category under the performance metrics for supply chain management (Elrod et al, 2013). Learning team A intends to incorporate similar set of performance metrics by evaluating production cost and inventory cost against the amount of revenue the voice commanded treadmill generated for given period of time to determine if the cost of product is exceeded by the revenue the product generates. Learning team A will also evaluate how fast the company can distribute the voice commanded treadmill to its customers without damaging the product and how well the voice treadmill can perform according to the specific features on the product to obtain customer loyalty. Contingency Planning According to Mindtools.com (2014), â€Å"The need for contingency planning emerges from a thorough analysis of the risks that your organization faces. It is also useful in thinking about new and ongoing projects: what happens when ‘Plan A’ does not go as expected?†. Contingency planning is highly important to our team and will be the foundation we follow for risk assessment and planning. We will minimize error and failure by expecting the worse. What if the consumers do not want to buy our product, what if it doesn’t sell as much as we thought it would. By preparing for the worse we will be setting up for successful future. Our contingency plan will be to continuously conduct risk assessment regardless of how well our product is doing. Communicating issues and good ideas will be a constant goal within the product team and shareholders involved. If at whatever point we need to retrain or train personnel our team is equipped with the information to do so. We will keep documentation of successes and failures no matter how big or small. Finally we will evaluate performance and implement goals so that we are able to assess how well the product is doing. Conclusion In conclusion, Learning Team A has shown, within their marketing plan, that the Voice Command treadmill is a unique product that will generate large profits for the proper company in today’s society. Learning Team A has  also shown how this type of treadmill is more advanced than those on the market with the addition of the Voice Command feature and how it will be accepted in the long term by consumers looking for the proper workout equipment to maintain their health. With this new feature, Learning Team A feels that consumers will be drawn to My Run Buddy for their health needs as the innovative features lets them feel more comfortable working out and they don’t have to worry about calling anyone if there is a medical condition that arises, all they would have to do is tell the machine to contact the hospital. References Elrod, C., Susan Murray, P. E., & Bande, S. (2013). A Review of Performance Metrics for Supply Chain Management. Engineering Management Journal, 25(3), 39-50. Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing management (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Wellsource. (2014). Market trends project more growth for wellness industry. Retrieved from http://www.wellsource.com/company-news/Market-Trends-Project-More-Growth-for-Wellness-Industry.html Mindtools. (2014). Contingency Planning. Retrieved from http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_51.htm

Should Parental Consent be required for a Minor to Obtain an Abortion Research Paper

Should Parental Consent be required for a Minor to Obtain an Abortion - Research Paper Example There are laws that restrict a teenager’s access to abortion. In many US states, there are laws that restrict minors under the age of 18 years from procuring an abortion unless their parents’ consent is obtained or they have involved the court. These laws take two forms. Some laws require a physician to seek a parent’s consent before procuring abortion on a minor (Cartoof & Klerman, 2011). Other laws require the parents to be notified before the procedure is performed. Parental involvement is primarily meant to protect the minors. In Planned Parenthood v. Casey, Judges Kennedy, O’Connor, and Souter were of the view that parental involvement and consent is intended to protect the children. The case was based on an assumption that minors will benefit from consultation with parents since parents have their best interests at heart. A study conducted by national researchers concluded that parents display a disappointment when their minors’ report pregnancy cases. However, parents don’t respond with violence, but parental stress is the most probable result of such announcements. Claims that minors may resort to unsafe alternatives, is untrue. A study of self-induced medical abortions in 2007 revealed this fact. In fact, many people who used such methods were adults! No cases were reported where minors resorted to unsafe abortion procedures after disclosing their pregnancy to their parents (Murphy, 2014). It has been established that many juvenile pregnancies result from rape or coercion. In fact, National studies reveal that 70% of teenage pregnancies result from adult sexual partners. These adults may want the minors to procure abortions to save themselves from lawful consequences. Laws on parental consent on abortions prevent such predatory practices on children. The Supreme Court succinctly explains why or how minors benefit from parental involvement.

Fraud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fraud - Essay Example ice actions that must be commenced within three years of the act or omission giving rise to the injury, or within two years of the date discovery, to a maximum of four years following the date of the act or omission. On the other hand, medical malpractice actions for objects that are left inside the body may be commenced within one year of the date of discovery, to a maximum of ten years after the date of the act giving rise to the injury. Another example that North Carolina has is about personal injury in which negligence claims must be filled within three years of the date upon which bodily harm caused by the negligent act is or should have been apparent, whichever occurs first. However, all negligence claims must be commenced within ten years of the act giving rise to the injury, regardless of the date of discovery. Obviously If I have the right to decide, I would like to add the statutory about the medical malpractice from the North Carolina State. I think it is crucial because basically doctors are still human; mistakes might occur – human error does exist. So, that particular statutory would definitely help the citizens to obtain their rights if something unexpected happens within their medical treatments. The citizens will absolutely feel secured to have such kind of statutory. Larson, Aaron (2004). Expert Law. North Carolina Statute of Limitations for Civil and Personal Injury Actions – An Overview.Retrieved from

Preliminary Search Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Preliminary Search - Assignment Example Such factors, coupled with high integration and maintenance costs, training, and redesign of business processes, disrupt organizational operations (Grabot, Mayere, and Bazet, 2008). Scalability is an integral concept for organizations that seek to protect their software investment. Functionality, platform, usability, and user account are the four integral dimensions of scalability. Utilization involves such factors as data storage limitations and reliable performance. Platform is the ability of an ERP system to function in multiple computing environments. User account is about the ability to add users in the system in a cost-effective and easy manner. Functionality is the ability of the system to adapt to organizational changes (Grabot, Mayere, and Bazet, 2008). For ERP installation, scalability of a product determines the success of an ERP system. All the dimensions are necessary considerations before installation of a system. In terms of functionality and security, a three-tier client server model provides ease in control because its middle tier (application servers) is centralized and is manageable as compared to two-tier client server models. There are less vulnerabilities in a three-tier model, and data recovery is easier in comparison to a two-tier model. A two-tier model runs two integrated ERP systems simultaneously at the corporate and subsidiary level, and is beneficial for organizations with several branches or multiple sites. It is also useful when organizations merge or if there is, a newly acquired operation that does not match the current ERP an organization uses. In contrast, a three-tier is for small businesses because of its ease in installation. Even so, they are not as easy to customize as the two-tier client server model (Grabot, Mayere, and Bazet,

Personal statement apply master Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apply master - Personal Statement Example I am applying Information management in your esteemed institution since I am extremely interested in the various topics which I have covered in my undergraduate course. My interest in this discipline was aroused in my undergraduate studies in BA Economics since it has a lot of information that needs to be analyzed and evaluated for future reference. On the other hand, information management covers imperative areas which will also broaden my understanding as well as knowledge of the discipline as a whole. Currently, I am a level 3 student which is a high score. This means that given a chance to study for my postgraduate program in your institution, I will be able to further achieve better grades. I am also good leader especially to my fellow students. This is why; I was selected team leader of my study group. This is because; I am not only cooperative, but also a team player who encourages cohesion of all group members. I believe that for any group to be productive there is need to use the right kind of leadership style and that is why I utilize a democratic leadership style in my group. I believe that given a chance to I will be able to add value to the institution’s leadership aspects and enhance personal performance as well as that of the institution. I am passionate about information management and that is why; I am currently reading books that will further enhance the understanding of the discipline. I also understand the essence of taking part in active sports. That is why I take part in basketball, Ping-pong and shooting. If admitted to the university, I will participate in these sports to further its recognition in sports. Taking Information Management is important to me because when I complete my studies, I will go back to China for business. I have work experience from my internship program in International Settlement Department of the Huancheng. The internship gave me firsthand experience in handling date. I think that Information

The Rights of the Copyright Owner and the Public Interest Essay

The Rights of the Copyright Owner and the Public Interest - Essay Example As the discussion stresses  copyright does not protect the original idea or concept; rather it protects the words through which the author has represented his thoughts. The moment some shape is granted to an idea, for instance a piece of music or a painting, that idea has now been given a copyright. One does not need to register in order to gain a copyright. In other words, copyright comes into place at the time of creation and is applicable to both published and unpublished works. It is generally the rule that the copyright is in ownership of the creator and is binding on his or her published or unpublished work. Creations that can hold a copyright include music, novel, painting, brand name etc. The creator of the work is normally the holder of the copyright; however if the work has been made during the time the person was working for someone, then the employer is given the status of being the copyright holder.  This paper discusses that  there are a number of laws that are in existence which describe precisely the rules that are associated with copyright. Copyright laws are responsible for demarcating the domain of what rights do the creators and copyright holders should have. This plays an essential part in the determination of whether public access to copyrights balances the rights of the copyright holders or if copyright is strengthened beyond the reasonable limit. This also forms the core of the debate presented in this paper.

Social Marketing CS1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Marketing CS1 - Essay Example There are four main principles of social marketing. The first principle is product. In the social marketing plan products can be sub-divided into tangible and intangible products. Tangible products comprise of vaccines, condoms, and oral contraceptives among others. Contrarily, non-tangible products include addictions, behavior, and attitudes. The second principle is place. The products need a platform where they can be located or distributed to reach the consumers. Place is the environmental and societal context in which health behaviors and decisions are carried out. The place is supposed to be visible to the consumer, such as, public places, shopping malls, and media. Third, price refers to the consumers’ investment. The price may be in non-monetary form such as time. The product needs to be sold at lower cost. Lastly, promotion determines the quantity of the products that will be sold. Promotion entails creating visibility of the product. Promotion can be done through prin t media (newspapers, coupons) and electronic media (Internet, e-mail, TV, and radio) (Patane, 2011). Social marketing provides a model which systematizes organizational responses to address public health challenges. Social marketers are now using commercial techniques , for instance, tailoring messages, analyzing the target audiences, establishing the objectives of the targeted behavior, and using strategies like branding to promote the adoption as well as maintenance of health behaviors. To promote healthy behavior, the social marketer can use mass media with the target audience in minds such as a HIV prevention campaign for high risk, sexually active African-American adolescents. This helps to reduce HIV incidences in the target group (Daniel, Bernhardt, & Eroğlu, 2009). The segmentation strategy purposely addresses social norms in addition to the desires of the cultural

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Essay

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis - Essay Example Stevenson uses an innovative approach to portray the human soul as a battlefield for an â€Å"angel† and a â€Å"fiend† who are foes in a battle for the possession of the human soul. Every human being contains these opposite forces within him, an alter ego that hides behind a social and polite everyday facade. Jekyll asserts that â€Å"man is not truly one, but truly two,† that one is never black nor white and that the situation at hand always brings out more of one side or the other. Jekyll’s potion that was initially meant to separate and purify these two elements, the angel from the fiend, only manages to bring out the dark side into being. Hyde emerges from the depths of Jekyll, but he brings forth no angelic counterpart. It is left to be argued whether or not this role of the angelic counterpart is left for Jekyll. It is more than obvious that his demeanor is outright moral and decent, and he enjoys the repute of a benevolent, well-mannered and genial man, yet he never embodies the virtue of good equally as Hyde embodies the very opposite from it. He merely portrays civilized behavior and morals, leaning towards good. In his bold and philanthropic efforts, he takes it upon himself to purify the good, but he ends up liberating the darkness from the shackles of conscience.

Brand Image Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Brand Image Development - Essay Example Competitor Selection Coca-cola Company has been a successful company over the years and is the leading group in the beverage industry. It is known for the production of brands which include coke, Fanta, coke classic and Diet coke. It is a company that ensures that the demands of all consumers are met by their production of a wide variety of drinks. The company is devoted to offering secure and high quality beverages (The coca-cola company, 2012). They have gained the trust from customers because they provide honest and correct data especially on the nutritional information. This explains why it has a high-quality over all over the world. The products offered are of different sizes so that the consumer can choose from a variety. It recognizes the fact that the world is dynamic, and changes every day, therefore, they develop their products accordingly. The competitors have a low representation as Coca-Cola has the biggest percent, 70% of consumers as compared to Pepsi’s 20% and Schweppes’s, 10%. Analysis of Price The prices are reasonable and are developed depending on the market. They also vary depending on the size of the bottle and seasons. (The coca-cola company, 2012) Some seasons such as summer have the prices of the products elevated. Research shows that 13% of consumers buy products in relation to price. Analysis of Distribution Distribution is offered to middle men and retailers, and this way, the products are sold extensively. This incentive is taken to reduce the costs associated with individual distribution. They have one main distribution point whereby the middle men obtain the products. Coca-cola products are well distributed with only 3% who do not have some of the products available. Analysis of Promotion The coca-cola company promotes their products by conducting sales events, and develops competitions with prizes to be won. Promotions are aimed to persuade the customer and make them purchase the goods. Advertising is also a form of promotion in which Coca-cola is known for their catchy advertisements. This is done through newspapers, television, posters and billboards. They also offer scholarships to students and also sponsor events such as games (The ‘coca-cola’ brand & sponsorship, 2000). Coca-cola has been successful because of their uniqueness around the world. It maintains to be the most trusted beverage brand and is the most preferred brand in relation to the research. This shows that they promote their products in the right manner. Part 2 Brand Background Founded in 1886, coca-cola has continued to develop extensively throughout the world. (The Coca-Cola Company, 2012). Coca-Cola has kept on implementing brand strategies that involve renewing policies and systems to keep up with the changing world. Coca-cola believes in responsible marketing of their products. This is explained by the fact that they target different customers including children. The company, therefore, has a policy that co vers responsible marketing all over the world. Coca-Cola mainly targets the young people, and that is why most of advertising on media is done by young people. Coca-Cola has been the leading brand because the company keeps on reinventing their products.  

Culture contributed to the issues of power, politics, and leadership- Essay

Culture contributed to the issues of power, politics, and leadership- Devil Wears Prada - Essay Example Organizational culture is the set of key values, beliefs and attitudes shared by organizational members. Organizational culture is often created by company founders. (Chuck 2009). Thus, the one person who can formulate, actualize and operationalize an effective organizational culture will have to be an effective leader. The leader through many traits like power will implement or impose that culture. With the culture having been implemented, it will give rise to different responses from the employees bordering on both positive side as well as negative side. Negative side in the sense, there will be some negative office politics because of the imposition of the culture. This paper by focusing, â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada† will demonstrate how the organizational culture based issues of leadership, power and politics were portrayed in the film. As leaders are the men/women in lead, they usually have a major impact on how the group initially defines and sets into an organization. Typically, the leaders have strong assumptions about the nature of the world, the role that organizations play in that world, the characteristics that make up human nature and relationships, how truth is arrived at, and how to manage time and space. They will, therefore, be quite comfortable in imposing those views and personal cultures, on their partners and employees as the organization copes with challenges and targets. This initial stage imposition of founder’s assumptions, as a form of good culture is one of the good leadership traits, because as the workers’ mind will be fresh in their new organizational setup, they will be motivated to adopt that new culture. Motivation is the set of forces that initiates, directs and makes people persist in their efforts over time to accomplish a goal. (Williams 2009). This new culture will co nsist of many

Are law enforcement cameras an invasion of privacy Essay

Are law enforcement cameras an invasion of privacy - Essay Example I think that these concerns are valid because the installation of law enforcement cameras has led to the loss of personal privacy as the citizens are constantly watched by other individuals. Some people also believe that the law enforcement cameras do not discourage criminal activities since they act as informants or reporters of an ongoing crime (Richards 42). This paper will illustrate why law enforcement cameras should not be used as they infringe on individuals’ privacy. Firstly, the privacy laws that have been set in the United Kingdom are ambiguous and they cannot be used to protect the citizens against the infringement of certain privacy laws (Raab and Goold 1). This is because the privacy laws allow for the installation of law enforcement cameras in every public place without the consideration of an individual’s privacy. David Barrett, a home affairs correspondent for the Telegraph states that: â€Å"An estimated six million closed-circuit television cameras are in Britain, with seven hundred and fifty thousand cameras overlooking ‘sensitive locations’ for example, care homes, hospitals, and schools† (Barrett). Barrett continues to state that there is a law enforcement camera for every eleven people in Britain. This clearly shows that the citizens are being observed. People are afraid of their privacy since the government can observe everything that they do in the public areas. Some people are afraid of taking walks in the parks as they figure out that there can be a hidden camera being used by another person to observe them. Many people cannot enjoy their alone time as they feel that they are being watched (Raab and Goold 4). These illustrations demonstrate some of the effects that law enforcement cameras have on people and the different concerns about their right to privacy. Law enforcement cameras put unnecessary fear in

Globalisation is a trend which hurts the poor and rich Essay

Globalisation is a trend which hurts the poor and rich - Essay Example Theodore (1983) is usually credited with globalization's first use in an economic context. The term globalisation has come become popular since the 1980s. Technological advances have made it easier and quicker to complete international transactions both trade of goods and financial flows. In other words globalisation refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity-village markets, urban industries, or financial centers. There by turning the world into a global village. However, the opportunities provided by globalisation in real sense in not the same for all the countries and hence it has created an economic imbalance. This has resulted in the emergence of groups protesting against globalisation. This paper examines if globalisation has really been a curse for poor countries and a blessing for rich countries. As we examine the recent history it can be found that though globalisation offers wide-ranging opportunities for worldwide development, but it is not systematic in providing it in an evenly manner. It should be noted that some countries are becoming integrated into the global economy or the trends of globalisation more quickly than others. These countries which have been able to integrate are seeing faster growth and reduced poverty. In fact it can be said that the outward-oriented policies resulted in dynamism and greater success to much of East Asia, changing its status from poor countries to rich and prosperous countries. As the standard of living rose in these regions, it was possible to make advancement on democracy and economic issues. It should be noted that the opportunities of globalization comes with risks. For instance, the risks arising from volatile capital movements, the risks of social, economic, and environmental degradation created by poverty, and many more (IMF Staff, 2000). However, the countries which has prospered using globalisation has also had the similar risks, the only difference is that they took this as an opportunity to fight poverty and the others who did not make it, took globalisation as a reason to balm for poverty. The wave of globalization has been accompanied by policies changes that have opened economies domestically and internationally. During the past few decades, many governments adopted free-market economic systems, enormously increasing their own productive potential and creating numerous new opportunities for international trade and investment. In order to promote trade in goods, services and investments, many governmentshave established international agreements and changed their policies that dramatically reduced barriers to commerce. These countries in order to take full advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets have allowed the growth of multinational corporations, built foreign factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. As a result these countries have benefited immensely. After the MNCs and the foreign companies, the advancement in technology has been the next most important driver of globalization. Development and advances in information technology, in particular, have significantly transformed the economic status of different countries.

Overpopulatio in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Overpopulatio in the United States - Essay Example This makes the US one of the fastest growing nations in the line of industrialized nations in the world. This overpopulation has caused various problems in the country, such as scarcity of resources, environmental issues, and economic consequences. Moreover, the problem of overcrowding also presents lack of education, and other issues which might cause troubles for the humanity. It is anticipated that by the year 2050, the population of the nation will be increased by around 130 million people, which is nearly equivalent to the addition of four more states the size of California. This study presents a detailed research on the topic of overpopulation in the United States. It undertakes to consult various resources, publications and databases to obtain information regarding the subject at hand. The causes of overpopulation are considered along with an elaborated discussion on the effects and consequences of the issue. The concept of overpopulation in not new to the current world and has been debated upon much by the researchers and authors. The definition of the term â€Å"overpopulation† is generally given by the writers as a commonly adverse and detrimental context in which the number of organisms goes beyond carrying capacity of its environment (Ian, 2007). This terminology generally pertains to the association between the two variables: environment and human population. The environment can either refer to a small geographical area or entire earth. During the past few years, the population in the United States has increased by more than double. It is said that if the population of the world in the coming century is multiplied by the same amount, there shall be more than one billion people around the globe. This increasing population, in turn, affects many features which include the negative contribution to the beauty of land, forests, environment and the entire ecosystem. Then, the social problems such as increasing attention in schools and lack of teachers

Compare and contrast keynesianism, monetarism, and neo-classicism how Research Paper

Compare and contrast keynesianism, monetarism, and neo-classicism how do new theories of economics develop overtime - Research Paper Example This paper is an attempt to compare and contrast some of the Macro-economic theories. Before John Maynard Keynes most of the economists of the world believed on the classical theory of macroeconomics. However, the great depression of 1930s turned the tables. The classical theory was appearing to be failing and inconsistent. That allowed a British economist; John Maynard Keynes (Coddington, pp. 23-25)to step up on the stage and present what he thought is the right way to get the economy out of the recession. This theory was the rejection of the classical theory. According to Keynes and his followers, the supply side economics of the classical theory is an obsolete concept (Coddington, pp. 23-25). If the output and employment need to be altered, only the Aggregate Demand had the capability to affect these factors. Therefore, the economy should be a demand side or aggregate demand centered economy. In addition, Keynes and his followers were of the opinion that the aggregate demand of an economy can be calculated by taking â€Å"the summation of government spending, consumption, investment, net exports and others† (Coddington, pp. 37-43). Therefore, by varying the consumption levels and spending by the government, the levels of employment and total output of the economy affects. Keynes also argued that the full employment level of output cannot be achieved and the assumption of classical economists of full employment level of output is not realistic (Coddington, pp. 37-43). Money demand and Money supply are important factors in dealing with the economy. Conversely, this brought up the idea of the LM and IS curve. Furthermore, the point were IS and LM are equal determines the level of output and interest rate. All these assumptions and arguments also indicated that according to Keynes, there is no â€Å"invisible hand† in economy and government intervention is nece ssary to achieve the desired results (Baumol, & Blinder, pp.

The National Literacy Strategy Essay Example for Free

The National Literacy Strategy Essay The following essay will consider some of the components of the literacy hour and discuss the strategies teachers use to utilise these methods within the classroom. Literacy is at the heart of the drive to raise standards in schools (DfES, 2001, pg2) The above quote is taken from the National Literacy Strategy framework for teaching which, since 1998 has highlighted the importance of teaching English to all schoolchildren. The framework was introduced to couple the National Curriculum document and builds on theories and ideas from previous reports (such as the Kingman report: 1988 and the Cox report: 1989) and documentation which since 1975 have highlighted the importance of having certain attainment targets that children should be achieving. These targets are the acquisition of good speaking, listening, reading, writing and spelling skills, and the Literacy strategy influences teachers in planning and delivering at least an hour long literacy lesson each day, focusing on one or more of these targets. According to the National Literacy document children use a range of strategies, or searchlights, when reading to help them make sense of text. These searchlights fall into four categories. These are; phonic knowledge, grammatical knowledge, knowledge of context/word recognition and graphic knowledge (DfES: 2001. p 4) When teaching reading teachers will break their lesson down into shared (whole class) and guided (independent with support from teacher) sessions. When delivering shared and guided reading sessions teachers can model to children how to draw upon all four of the searchlights to aid them in their reading. Shared reading normally focuses on word and text level work and so teachers will plan for a whole class read in which specific features such as spelling patterns, alliteration, punctuation or the intention of the piece that is being read will be highlighted for to the class. (Ibid). Practitioners are also able to model how clues contained within the piece (such as pictures, exclamation or speech marks) can be used to predict how the story is to be read. However, during guided or independent reading children have to use what knowledge they have of the English language to read on their own. It is for this reason that practitioners will plan to teach the use of phonics to children from an early age. As young children find it hard to discriminate the sounds of letters automatically the teaching of phonics or letter sounds is used by teachers to help children to recognise the correct spelling of a word (DfES 2001). The most effective practitioners will teach children how to identify the phonemes in spoken language and then build an understanding of how each phoneme is correctly spelt. When children have acquired a sound knowledge of these phonemes, practitioners will educate them in two new skills known as segmentation and blending.

A Change of Heart Essay Example for Free

A Change of Heart Essay A Change of Heart I was only fourteen years old. The time had come for me to make a decision, to choose between two destinies. It was the time for me to decide whether I would maintain the plain look and keep my mom jeans, or whether I would ditch those loser jeans and go with the sleek skinny jeans. Though most people wouldn’t consider this a matter worth debating over, it reached the highest of my concerns. Knowing the knowledge that we live in a judgmental world, a place where people judge based on outward appearance, I went with the choice that was clear; I must invest in the skinnies. The mall was the place for a guy like me to be! After me and my brother arrived, we browsed a large variety of pants. Red, yellow, black, and white, the clothing stores contained many unique fashions and colors. The prices made everything easy: the higher the price, the better the product! Due to my brother, who has the fashion sense of a queen, I was bound for the looks of awesomeness. He would tell me what matches and what does not. I trusted him. After all, it was him that got me interested in this style! Now that I have this tremendous change of heart, there ain’t no going back. Never in a million years would I trade a pair of my tight-around-the-booty jeans for a yucky, bland pair of mom jeans like I used to have. I remain thankful for the fun tradition me and my brother have of broin’ out together at the mall and movies. The memories and knowledge I have gained goes higher than any mountain I’ve ever climbed.

Effects of students attitude on their performance

Effects of students attitude on their performance In a developing country like Pakistan, education is considered most important factor in the advancement of a nation. The role of students in developing a country is huge. You cant expect a country to develop if it doesnt have literate people. These students who are studying would be working tomorrow. They would be working for the public, private sector etc. These students, if perform well, can serve as pillars, the country would be standing on in future. And there are several factors which, if identified can improve students performance. In my views among all factors, attitude has a powerful impact on students performance. As Winston Churchill quotes Attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference. Earl Nightingale said that a great attitude does much more than turn on the lights in our worlds; it seems to magically connect us to all sorts of serendipitous opportunities that were somehow absent before the change. Attitudes are generally positive or negative views about person, place, thing, or event-in brief attitudes are judgments. They develop on the ABC model (affect, behavior, and cognition). The behavioral intention is a verbal indication or typical behavioral tendency of an individual. The cognitive response is a cognitive evaluation of the entity that constitutes an individuals beliefs about the object. Most attitudes are the result of either direct experience or observational learning from the environment. Students can increase their performance if they are told that their faulty or negative attitudes are influencing their GPAs badly. The primary objective of this study is to prove to the less scoring students that they can increase their performance by changing their negative attitudes like their beliefs, behaviors or thinking. Most of the students that are unable to perform well thinks that its just the fault of their dumb minds but they do not consider their own attitudes that are significantly affecting their performance. My objective is to prove to them that bringing a change in their faulty attitudes can increase their performance, as those students who have positive attitudes are able to score high. In this way overall class will be performing better and this will * HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: STUDENTS PERFORMANCE: Students performance or their success is greatly linked with their attitudes i.e their beliefs, feelings or behaviors. Harry F.Bank has quoted that for success, attitude is equally as important as ability. Funmi Wale-Adegbite has stressed more as he said that Success is 80% attitude and 20% aptitude. Sterling W. Sill said that everything depends on attitude. We get good grades or poor grades, it depends on our attitude. Thomas Jefferson say that Nothing can stop the man with the right mental attitude from achieving his goal; nothing on earth can help the man with the wrong mental attitude. H1= Students performance greatly depends upon attitude. STUDENTS ATTITUDE: Attitude is Evaluative statements of judgment concerning objects, people or events. There are three components of attitude that are as follows: Cognitive Attitude: The opinion or belief segment of an attitude Effective Attitude: The emotional or feelings segment of an attitude Behavioral Components: An intention to behave in a certain way towards someone or something. Students performance is affected by all three components. Belief segment of attitude influences students performance significantly as Michael Korda said To succeed, we must first believe that we can. H2= There is positive and significant relationship between Cogniti0n, attitude and students performance Emotions play an important part in our lives, and even more so in self-improvement. Often times, successful people are those who know how to take control of their emotions and use it to their benefit- Ethan Beh H3= Affective component plays an important role in determining attitude and influences performance significantly. When you change your behavior, you change your performance. Author Unknown, from by changing your thinking. Kirby, Winston et al. (2002) focused on students impatience (his time-discount behavior) that influences his own academic performance. H-4= Attitude relies on behavioral segment as well. MODEL: Attitude Students performance Behavioral component Affective component Cognitive component This model shows that attitude significantly effects performance. In this model students performance is an independent variable and attitude is a dependent variable. Whereas cognitive, affective and behavioral are the components of attitude. METHODOLOGY: SAMPLE: As sample we had taken students of MBA 2nd and 3rd semester that are 90 in total. In order to fill questionnaires, Students were selected randomly. 25 questionnaires were made and all were utilized. PREPARATION OF QUESTIONNAIRE: Questionnaire comprised of thirteen questions in total. First question was regarding their performance i.e. GPA in previous semester. It had three options that are 2.5-3.0, 3.0-3.5, and 3.5-4.0. Rest twelve questions were regarding attitude i.e four questions from each component. Every question had three options yes, no and sometimes. PROCEDURE: After questionnaires were filled. We counted the no. of students choosing each option. We also counted the student falling in each category of performance. After it was done we made table showing overall calculations. We also calculated percentages regarding result of each question and also made pie charts for convenience purpose. The purpose of doing all this was to show that good performers have comparatively good attitudes and vice versa. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Following is the result of first question that was meant to checkout students performance. QUESTIONS 2.4-3.0 3.0-3.5 3.5-4.0 1.GPA in previous semester 11 9 5 *Q.2-Q.5, Q.6-Q.9, Q.10-Q.13 YES NO SOMETIMES 2.Do you feel good about your subjects? 60 30 10 3.Do you feel bad when your friend gets good marks? 40 52 8 4.Do you feel your teacher is competent? 68 20 12 5.Do you feel bored when your teacher delivers lecture? 52 33 15 6.Do you irritate your teacher intentionally by asking silly questions? 24 60 16 7.Do you dream during class? 48 45 7 8.Are you in a habit of producing different sounds during lecture? 52 32 16 9.Do you misbehave in class? 44 50 6 10.Do you perceive that teachers attention is directed towards specific students as favoritism or biasness? 44 40 16 11.Do you perceive that your subjects are challenging? 48 36 16 12.Do you feel your teacher deducts your marks intentionally? 24 64 12 13.Do you feel your outcome is less than the efforts you are putting in? 56 40 4 In beginning of questionnaire development, I set the performance standard. Students falling in GPA 3.0 were considered poor performers or weak students. Those between 3.0-3.5 were labeled good whereas above that GPA were categorized as brilliant students. As in fig. 1 the results showed that 44% students lie in weak category.36% are good students whereas only 20% are brilliant performers. Fig.1 Now our intention was to check up the feelings or affective part of students attitude. So we asked them that do they like their subjects and the result is depicted as follows: Fig.2: We got a higher percentage of students who had a positive attitude towards their chosen subjects. But at the same time there were 30% students who had not actually liked there subjects. Means the problem with attitude of some students was that they didnt feel good about their subjects. There can be many possible reasons to this. But overall affect it had was on their performance. Our third question was directly looking up for sign of jealousy (a highly negative feeling) in students. It straightly asked them that do they feel jealous when any friend gets good marks and the results are shown through pie chart i.e. Fig.3 The result clearly showed that there are a lot of jealous students in class. Jealousy is a form of negative attitude and is related to the feeling or affective segment. This was a big reason for a high percentage of low scoring students in class. it is very important for a student to feel good about his/her teacher and feel that teacher is competent. But when they were asked about their feeling about competence of their professor, 40 percent felt that the teacher is incompetent. Its a fairly high percentage. And clearly told the reason for bad performance of students in exams. Results to the question that do they feel bored during lecture directly favored my hypothesis. Next four questions were aimed at faulty attitudes regarding behaviors. By the results of our next question, we found out that students biggest problem lies with their behavior in class. It was because 60% students admitted that they irritate their teacher intentionally by asking silly questions. We had observed that the backbenchers of our class produce different sounds during lecture in order to interrupt or tease the teacher. So we thought to include this question also. Surprisingly students were honest enough to admit that they are in habit of producing different sounds during lecture. 52% marked yes to this question. Overall result to this question is shown in fig. There were many i.e. 44% who even admitted that they misbehave in class. And the result was this: Attitudes major and equally important component is cognitive component. Here we included last four questions, which purely dealt with students believes or opinions. Our first question regarding cognition was that do they perceive that teacher favors specific students and the answer were: Our thinking can affect our performance sign -ANALYSIS As it is clear from our results that the results show what was intended. The students who try and make progress in there studies with positive attitude are always successful while those who are negative in there behavior are more concerned about the negative outcomes which lead to there failure. The results of the questionnaire are also same as intended. -OVERALL DISCUSSION CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: -HYPOTHESIS WAS THIS -MY RESULT WAS THIS -COMPARE UR CONCLUSION WITH ANYONES -RECOMMENDATIONS